![]() CCTV Installation Tools CCTV Camera Pros supplies quality tools for CCTV installations including BNC connectors and RG-59 cable cutters & crimping tools. Specializing in portable MP3 player, car DVD player, gaming devices and TFT/LCD monitor. The IEEE does not test equipment for compliance with their standards. The non-profit Wi-Fi Alliance was formed in 1999 to fill this void — to establish and enforce. Tom's Guide > Forum > Streaming Video & TVs > Looking for a smart Digital analog TV Converter Box (for old tv) with wifi for netflix over home intranet.>. The New, RadioLabs o2Surf Bridge kit, is a completely configured, no hassle, point to point wireless system, that allows for rock solid bridging, line of sight up to. Our Most Powerful WiFi Booster, Ever! There have been Long Range WiFi boosters before, but never combining: Massive 2W Output Power, Easy USB Installation, Long 15m. Cable and satellite tv packages are expensive, and only seem to go up in price every passing year. Stop wasting your hard earned money on cable and satellite tv. DVB 800se digital satellite receiver with wifi DM800SE dm 800hd 800 SE hd,dreambox hd,DM 800 HD se digital satellite receiver. Most older Cable, DSL, and Satellite installations (and some new ones) just include a “modem” and resemble #1, while most Fixed Wireless installations include a.Wi- Fi - Wikipedia. Wi- Fi or Wi. Fi is a technology for wireless local area networking with devices based on the IEEE 8. ![]() Wi- Fi is a trademark of the Wi- Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term Wi- Fi Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing. Wi- Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet via a WLAN and a wireless access point. ![]() Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 2. Hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access points. Having no physical connections, it is more vulnerable to attack than wired connections, such as Ethernet. History. ALOHAnet and the ALOHA protocol were early forerunners to Ethernet, and later the IEEE 8. A 1. 98. 5 ruling by the U. S. Federal Communications Commission released the ISM band for unlicensed use. This was updated in 1. Mbit/s link speeds, and this proved to be popular. In 1. 99. 9, the Wi- Fi Alliance formed as a trade association to hold the Wi- Fi trademark under which most products are sold. The Wi- Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was . The yin- yang Wi- Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for interoperability. Alternative wireless technologies include mobile phone standards, such as 2. G, 3. G, 4. G, and LTE. The name is sometimes written as Wi. Fi, Wifi, or wifi, but these are not approved by the Wi- Fi Alliance. Wi- Fi ad- hoc mode. Ad- hoc mode was first invented and realized by Chai K. Toh in his 1. 99. Wi- Fi ad- hoc routing, implemented on Lucent Wave. LAN 8. 02. 1. 1a wireless on IBM Think. Pads over a size nodes scenario spanning a region of over a mile. The success was recorded in Mobile Computing magazine (1. The non- profit Wi- Fi Alliance was formed in 1. This includes wireless local area network (WLAN) connections, device to device connectivity (such as Wi- Fi Peer to Peer aka Wi- Fi Direct), Personal area network (PAN), local area network (LAN) and even some limited wide area network (WAN) connections. Manufacturers with membership in the Wi- Fi Alliance, whose products pass the certification process, gain the right to mark those products with the Wi- Fi logo. Specifically, the certification process requires conformance to the IEEE 8. WPA and WPA2 security standards, and the EAP authentication standard. Certification may optionally include tests of IEEE 8. The lack of Wi- Fi certification does not necessarily imply that a device is incompatible with other Wi- Fi devices. They are created and maintained by the IEEELAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 8. The base version of the standard was released in 1. The standard and amendments provide the basis for wireless network products using the Wi- Fi brand. While each amendment is officially revoked when it is incorporated in the latest version of the standard, the corporate world tends to market to the revisions because they concisely denote capabilities of their products. A dot with curved lines radiating from it is a common symbol for Wi- Fi, representing a point transmitting a signal. The combination of computer and interface controller is called a station. For all stations that share a single radio frequency communication channel, transmissions on this channel are received by all stations within range. A carrier wave is used to transmit the data. The data is organised in packets on an Ethernet link, referred to as . The coverage of one or more interconnected access points (hotspots) can extend from an area as small as a few rooms to as large as many square kilometres. Coverage in the larger area may require a group of access points with overlapping coverage. For example, public outdoor Wi- Fi technology has been used successfully in wireless mesh networks in London, UK. An international example is Fon. Wi- Fi provides service in private homes, businesses, as well as in public spaces at Wi- Fi hotspots set up either free- of- charge or commercially, often using a captive portal webpage for access. Organizations and businesses, such as airports, hotels, and restaurants, often provide free- use hotspots to attract customers. Enthusiasts or authorities who wish to provide services or even to promote business in selected areas sometimes provide free Wi- Fi access. Routers that incorporate a digital subscriber line modem or a cable modem and a Wi- Fi access point, often set up in homes and other buildings, provide Internet access and internetworking to all devices connected to them, wirelessly or via cable. Similarly, battery- powered routers may include a cellular Internet radiomodem and Wi- Fi access point. When subscribed to a cellular data carrier, they allow nearby Wi- Fi stations to access the Internet over 2. G, 3. G, or 4. G networks using the tethering technique. Many smartphones have a built- in capability of this sort, including those based on Android, Black. Berry, Bada, i. OS (i. Phone), Windows Phone and Symbian, though carriers often disable the feature, or charge a separate fee to enable it, especially for customers with unlimited data plans. Some laptops that have a cellular modem card can also act as mobile Internet Wi- Fi access points. Wi- Fi also connects places that normally don't have network access, such as kitchens and garden sheds. Google is intending to use the technology to allow rural areas to enjoy connectivity by utilizing a broad mix of projection and routing services. Google also intends to bring connectivity to Africa and some Asian lands by launching blimps that will allow for internet connection with Wi- Fi technology. There are many successful examples; in 2. Mysore became India's first Wi- Fi- enabled city. A company called Wi. Fiy. Net has set up hotspots in Mysore, covering the complete city and a few nearby villages. Cloud, Florida and Sunnyvale, California, became the first cities in the United States to offer citywide free Wi- Fi (from Metro. Fi). Seoul will grant leases to KT, LG Telecom and SK Telecom. The companies will invest $4. Carnegie Mellon University built the first campus- wide wireless Internet network, called Wireless Andrew, at its Pittsburgh campus in 1. Wi- Fi branding originated. Many universities collaborate in providing Wi- Fi access to students and staff through the Eduroam international authentication infrastructure. Wi- Fi ad hoc versus Wi- Fi direct. This is called ad hoc Wi- Fi transmission. This wireless ad hoc network mode has proven popular with multiplayerhandheld game consoles, such as the Nintendo DS, Play. Station Portable, digital cameras, and other consumer electronics devices. Some devices can also share their Internet connection using ad hoc, becoming hotspots or . Because of this choice of frequency band, 8. Bluetooth devices. Spectrum assignments and operational limitations are not consistent worldwide: Australia and Europe allow for an additional two channels (1. United States for the 2. GHz band, while Japan has three more (1. In the US and other countries, 8. Part 1. 5 of the FCC Rules and Regulations. A Wi- Fi signal occupies five channels in the 2. GHz band. Any two channel numbers that differ by five or more, such as 2 and 7, do not overlap. The oft- repeated adage that channels 1, 6, and 1. Channels 1, 6, and 1. North America and the United Kingdom. In Europe and Japan using Channels 1, 5, 9, and 1. Many 2. 4 GHz 8. 02. Wi- Fi pollution, or an excessive number of access points in the area, especially on the neighboring channel, can prevent access and interfere with other devices' use of other access points, caused by overlapping channels in the 8. SNR) between access points. This can become a problem in high- density areas, such as large apartment complexes or office buildings with many Wi- Fi access points. Additionally, other devices use the 2. GHz band: microwave ovens, ISM band devices, security cameras, Zig. Bee devices, Bluetooth devices, video senders, cordless phones, baby monitors. It is also an issue when municipalities. The service set can be local, independent, extended or mesh. Each service set has an associated identifier, the 3. Service Set Identifier (SSID), which identifies the particular network. The SSID is configured within the devices that are considered part of the network, and it is transmitted in the packets. Receivers ignore wireless packets from networks with a different SSID. Throughput. 8. 02. MHz) compared to 8. MHz). 7. 6 This means there can be only one 8. GHz band at a given location, without interference to/from other WLAN traffic. MHz bandwidth to prevent interference in dense community. In the first quarter of 2. The Wi- Fi Alliance certifies devices compliant with the 8. This new standard uses several advanced signal processing techniques such as multi- use MIMO and 4. X4 Spatial Multiplexing streams, and large channel bandwidth (1. MHz) to achieve the Gigabit throughput. Also, spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs. However, building walls of certain materials, such as stone with high metal content, can block Wi- Fi signals. Manufacturers are building wireless network adapters into most laptops. The price of chipsets for Wi- Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in even more devices. Products designated as . Unlike mobile phones, any standard Wi- Fi device will work anywhere in the world. Standard devices. An access point resembles a network hub, relaying data between connected wireless devices in addition to a (usually) single connected wired device, most often an Ethernet hub or switch, allowing wireless devices to communicate with other wired devices. Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a wireless network. These adapters connect to devices using various external or internal interconnects such as PCI, mini. PCI, USB, Express. Card, Cardbus and PC Card. Next Thing Co Documentation. Welcome to The CHIP Operating System. We made a computer. A $9 computer. And every computer needs an operating system. Ours is The CHIP Operating System. Grab an old TV (or any screen with a composite video input), a keyboard and mouse, and stick some electricity in the micro USB port. In a few seconds, you’ll have CHIP’s operating system on your screen, ready to do computer things. CHIP is built for making - we’ve packed a powerful processor, 4 GB of storage, stereo audio, video out, and lots of connections for playing and making your projects and products. The CHIP Operating System is built for doing: browse the . And because it’s based on the popular Linux Debian, if there’s something you need, you can probably install it. So how do use this thing? Let’s get started. Start CHIP. Boot CHIP. First things first. Let’s boot CHIP into the CHIP Operating System and do some computer things! Add some power, turn on the wireless network, and even connect a bluetooth keyboard to get rid of those annoying cables. Power Up. The single most important thing to using any electronic device is getting electricity to the right places. We’re going to cover how to turn CHIP “on”. This might seem so straightforward that it doesn’t deserve several paragraphs, but CHIP is pretty clever, so there’s actually a few things worth knowing. What’s It Need? In general, CHIP is powered by a 5- volt source like a USB port or phone charger, and draws about 5. A peak (at boot time), runs on around 2. A, and rests with around 8. A with the processor totally unloaded. To make sure you have enough headroom, we recommend that you use a 5v power supply with 2 Amps current available (you could go as low as 9. A, but you risk brown- outs). This may be more than you need to know if you just want to plug it in to the wall, but, as you build projects with CHIP, you’ll be happy to know there’s a lot of ways to get the electricity flowing. How Do I Know CHIP Is On? CHIP is silent. It doesn’t take much energy, so it’s not very hot. It has no discernible smell. As a result, many of your senses are not great indicators that it is working. There are two LEDs next to the USB micro connector. When CHIP is on, you should see the PWR LED light up nice and bright. Power From The Wall. The CHIP’s micro. USB connector is used to provide power from most any USB power source. USB wall- wart adapters are probably littered all over your house. If for some reason you don’t have one, you can buy one at any electronics retailer. We recommend a 5. V powersupply with 2 Amps current available. Just plug a USB- A- to- micro. USB- B cable (that’s the same cable most phones, tablets, and whatnot use to charge) into the wall- wart and CHIP, and you’ll see the PWR LED light up. This CHIP is using the power from a computer’s USB port: Power From A Battery. CHIP can also be battery powered. Specifically, any single cell (1. S) 3. 7. V Lithium Polymer (Li. Po) battery with a 2- pin JST- PH 2. JST- PH socket. The JST can only plug it in one way: if you are having a hard time lining things up, turn it around! Needless to say, do not force the battery connector into the socket if something doesn’t feel right! If you have added a connector to your own battery, make sure you have the JST wired correctly: the (- ) connection should be on the outside edge of CHIP. What’s really great is that if you plug in to a charger and plug in a battery, the battery will charge - all the power management is on CHIP itself. Roughly, it takes about four to six hours to charge a 3. Ah Li. Po battery from a 5. V 2. A power source. Also, our delightful little Power Management IC, the AXP2. CHIP is basically running on a un- interruped power supply – If charge power fails, CHIP seamlessly switches onto battery power without shutting off. Now you’re ready to connect CHIP to a screen, keyboard and mouse or even work on CHIP from another computer. Button. There is a tiny tiny button on CHIP next to pin header U1. CHIP on or off. If CHIP is off and connected to a power source, hold down the button for one second to power it up. To turn CHIP off (rather brutally), hold the button for 1. We recommend using the operating system to power CHIP off, but if you need to, you can use this button. Connect To Wi. Fi. Connecting to a Wi. Fi network is easy using the Wi. Fi icon the top right system tray. Just select a network to initiate a connection. If the network requires a password you’ll be prompted for it. You can also set up Wi- Fi from the command line. If you need more control and information over your network connection, use the Settings- > Network Connections panel to show your connections. Double click on a connection to bring up the connection editor: Connect Bluetooth. Bluetooth device setup can be accessed using the Bluetooth icon in the top right system tray. When you begin a connection, you’ll be guided through the necessary steps to connect to your device. For example, when you pair with a keyboard, you’ll often be prompted for a code to enter to ensure a unique connection. Once you have paired a device, future connections will usually be automatic when the devices are in range and powered up. You can manage, and also connect to, your devices using the the Bluetooth Devices panel, accessed from the Bluetooth system tray: Using The Terminal. One of the great powers of Linux is the so- called “command- line.” This simple text interface for computing unveils many of the gears and levers that make a computer tick. Many find it easier to get things done, as it is a focused and terse way to interact with the computer. When you first use the Terminal Emulator program, you may quickly find that you do not have permission to do something. That is because many commands are safely reserved for “root” access, and you are automatically logged in as the “chip” user. Don’t fear: you can often use the sudo command and use the default password chip to execute these restricted commands. Finally, it is probably wise to change the default password on your CHIP. You can do with withpasswd. Don’t forget it!! If you are such a fan of the command line, you may want to boot with out the desktop and window system. Instructions for that are here. Terminal for Beginners Glossary. One of the great things about Linux is the terminal application. You can simply add - h to get some hints on how to use a command, such as cp - h or you can read a manual page using man cp. Most unix commands have a variety of options that can be executed in the command with flags, such as ls - l - a. Even better, search the internet! This primer is simply here to help you understand what a command might be doing, not to help you use it to its full ability. Some options are ls - l to list in long format to provide information about permissions, size, and date. Ex: mv this. one that. Ex: cp this. one this. Add directories for more fun: cp ~/Pictures/Vacation/saturn. Users/otherone/Pictures/Vacation/saturn. Use the - r to make it recursive to delete a directory. Ex: rm this. one deletes that file. You’ll see sudo as the first word in a lot of commands - all it is doing is giving the command the necessary access. You’ll be asked for a password the first time you use sudo. The default password and user is “chip”. Debian Linux systems, such as the CHIP Operating System. And so on. pwd present working directory. In case you forget where you are. Not much to it: pwd will output the directory name, such as /Users/home/chip/Pictures/Vacation/grep a tool used for searching through files. It’s quite deep and can be complicated, but if you see the word grep in some command, you know it’s searching for a match. Merge files: cat append. Overwrite: echo . Display text in file: cat showit. Create: cat > new. Ex: less longtext. Use the space bar to view the next page. Type q to exit. nano a text editor. You’ll often see commands that call nano so you can edit a configuration. Ex: nano /etc/avahi/services/afpd. Apple file service file. Ex: find ~/Documents - name particular. Documents directory. Used for file permissions, which can be important when sharing things on the network, scripting actions, and many more reasons. If things seem slow, or you want to see how much CPU or memory a program is using, just type htop to see a table of all running processes, then type q when you want to exit. Ex: scp Pictures/Vacation/motel. Pictures/Vacation/accident. Pictures copies a couple jpegs to another computer on the network. Ex: ssh chip@chip. CHIP on a local network. CTRL C if you can’t use the terminal because a process is taking too long, type CTRL- C on your keyboard to cancel the most recent command. Connecting Accessories. CHIP has a lot of connectors, some for building, some for doing normal computer things. This section covers the normal computer things, like audio, video, and input. Recommended Accessories. CHIP is a minimal computer. Many CHIP users may never connect common peripherals, instead using CHIP as a “headless” computer. We recommend: Bluetooth Keyboard. USB mouse. Monitor with a composite video input. USB cable: USB- A to micro. USB- BTRRS to RCA connector. A, 5. V USB power supply. Additionally, some of the advanced tutorials require: Speakers with RCA audio input. Jumper wire. USB to UART cable. Single cell Lithium Polymer battery. Powered USB Hub. You’ll find that a simple powered USB hub is pretty essential if you want to use a lot of USB devices with CHIP. If you don’t have a powered USB port, you’ll quickly max out power if you attach too many accessories. Keyboard and Mouse. Many keyboards have USB hubs built- in, so you can attach a mouse to the keyboard, attach the keyboard to CHIP, and immediately have control. However, it’s likely the two will draw too much current, so you’ll want to connect to a powered hub before you connect. Bluetooth Keyboard and Mouse. As you know, CHIP has built- in bluetooth. If you want to use a keyboard and mouse, you can keep your USB port free for other things (like mass storage or a MIDI controller!) and keep your desk clean.
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